Scandinavian furniture is celebrated not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its use of materials and exceptional craftsmanship. Rooted in the Nordic region’s unique natural environment and cultural traditions, the movement emphasises sustainability, functionality, and a deep respect for materials.

Here we explore the key materials used in Scandinavian furniture, the craftsmanship techniques that bring these materials to life and the enduring commitment to sustainability that defines the movement.

The Role of Materials in Scandinavian Design: A Reflection of Nordic Nature

The choice of materials is central to Scandinavian furniture design. The Nordic region’s vast forests, rugged coastlines and unique light have profoundly shaped the design aesthetic and the materials favoured by Scandinavian designers. This connection to nature is not merely aesthetic, it's a deeply ingrained cultural value.

The long, harsh winters and the historical reliance on natural resources for survival have fostered a respect for the environment and a desire to live in harmony with it. This ethos is reflected in the selection and use of materials in Scandinavian furniture.

Wood, unsurprisingly, is the backbone of Scandinavian furniture design. The region’s forests supply a variety of woods, each with its own unique characteristics and story.

• Birch, with its light colour and smooth grain, is a versatile choice, often used for its clean, modern look.
• Pine, readily available and relatively fast-growing, is a practical and sustainable option, lending a warm, rustic feel to furniture.
• Beech, a harder wood, is valued for its strength and durability, making it suitable for chairs and other pieces that require robust construction.
• Oak, prized for its strength, durability, and beautiful grain, is often used for high-quality, long-lasting pieces.
• While teak, often associated with mid-century modern Scandinavian design, is not native to the region, its durability and rich tones made it a popular import during that era. Scandinavian designers celebrate the natural grain and texture of wood, often leaving it untreated or using light, transparent finishes to highlight its inherent beauty. This allows the wood to age gracefully, developing a patina that tells the story of its use and adds character to the piece over time.

Beyond wood, other natural materials play a significant role. Leather, valued for its durability, suppleness, and timeless appeal, is commonly used for upholstery, particularly on chairs and sofas. Its natural variations and ability to develop a rich patina over time complement the natural beauty of wood. Wool and other natural textiles, often in neutral tones or subtle, nature-inspired patterns, add warmth, texture, and comfort to Scandinavian interiors. These textiles, used for upholstery, rugs, and throws, contribute to the hygge feeling, that sense of cosiness and well-being so central to Scandinavian design. 

Glass and metal, while used less extensively than wood, leather, and textiles, provide an important contrast and contribute to the overall aesthetic. Glass allows light to filter through table tops and light fittings, enhancing the airy and bright quality of Scandinavian interiors. Metal, used for structural elements like legs or frames, or as an accent material, adds a touch of modernity and can create an interesting contrast with the warmth of wood and textiles. The interplay of these diverse materials creates a balanced aesthetic that is both timeless and contemporary.

Craftsmanship: Tradition Meets Innovation

Craftsmanship is integral to Scandinavian furniture design. The movement’s emphasis on quality and durability stems from a long tradition of skilled woodworking, joinery, and handcrafting. These skills, often passed down through generations, are highly valued and contribute to the longevity and beauty of Scandinavian furniture. However, Scandinavian designers have also embraced industrial production techniques, finding a balance between traditional craftsmanship and modern manufacturing processes.

Traditional techniques, such as intricate joinery, woodturning and weaving, remain vital to Scandinavian furniture design. These time-honoured methods, requiring precision and attention to detail, are often showcased in iconic pieces. Hans Wegner's Wishbone Chair, for example, exemplifies the artistry of joinery with its distinctive Y-shaped backrest and handwoven seat. These traditional techniques not only contribute to the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of the furniture but also connect contemporary designs to the rich history of Nordic craftsmanship.

Alongside these traditional skills, Scandinavian designers have also embraced innovation. Alvar Aalto’s pioneering use of bent wood in designs like the Paimio Chair revolutionised furniture design, demonstrating the potential of new techniques to create organic, flowing forms. Similarly, designers like Verner Panton pushed the boundaries of furniture design with the use of moulded plastics and other innovative materials and techniques. This willingness to explore new possibilities while respecting traditional craftsmanship is a hallmark of Scandinavian design.

Collaboration between designers and skilled artisans is another important aspect of Scandinavian craftsmanship. Designers often work closely with experienced craftspeople to bring their visions to life. This partnership ensures that each piece is not only functional but also a testament to the skill and artistry of the craftsperson. Brands like Carl Hansen & Son, known for their high-quality furniture, have a long history of collaborating with renowned designers like Hans Wegner and Børge Mogensen, resulting in pieces that embody the highest standards of craftsmanship.

Sustainability: A Deeply Rooted Ethos

Sustainability is not a trend in Scandinavian design; it's a core principle that has been integral to the movement for decades. This commitment to environmental responsibility is deeply rooted in the Nordic region's respect for nature and its limited resources. Long before sustainability became a global concern, Scandinavian designers were prioritizing eco-friendly practices and durable materials.

The emphasis on durability is a key aspect of Scandinavian sustainability. Furniture designed to last for generations reduces the need for frequent replacements, minimizing waste and its environmental impact. The use of high-quality materials, such as solid wood, leather, and natural textiles, ensures the longevity of Scandinavian furniture. These pieces are built to withstand the test of time, becoming cherished heirlooms rather than disposable commodities.

Scandinavian designers and manufacturers are also increasingly focused on eco-friendly production methods. The use of FSC-certified wood, which ensures that timber is sourced from responsibly managed forests, is becoming increasingly common. Many companies are also minimizing the use of harmful chemicals and finishes, opting for natural, non-toxic alternatives. This commitment to environmental and human health is a crucial part of the Scandinavian design ethos.

The principles of circular design, which prioritize reuse, repair, and recycling, are also gaining traction in Scandinavia. Brands like IKEA are exploring ways to design furniture that can be easily disassembled and its components reused or recycled at the end of its life cycle. This focus on circularity reflects a growing awareness of the environmental challenges facing the planet and a commitment to creating a more sustainable future.

The Legacy of Scandinavian Design

The materials and craftsmanship of Scandinavian furniture design are a testament to the region's unique natural environment, its rich cultural heritage, and its commitment to sustainability. By prioritising functionality, durability, and beauty, Scandinavian designers have created pieces that are not only timeless but also environmentally responsible. These values, deeply embedded in the Scandinavian design philosophy, continue to shape the movement and inspire designers around the world.